Comparison of commercial battery types

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This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.

Contents

• 1Common characteristics
• 2Rechargeable characteristics
• 3Thermal runaway
• 4NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO
• 5See also
• 6References

Common characteristics[edit]

Cell chemistry	Also known as	Electrode		Re­charge­able	Com­mercial­ized	Voltage			Energy density		Specific power	Cost†	Discharge efficiency	Self-discharge rate	Shelf life
		Anode	Cathode			Cutoff	Nominal	100% SOC	by mass	by volume
					year	V	V	V	MJ/kg (Wh/kg)	MJ/L (Wh/L)	W/kg	Wh/$ ($/kWh)	%	%/month	years
Lead–acid	SLA VRLA	Lead	Lead dioxide	Yes	1881[1]	1.75[2]	2.1[2]	2.23–2.32[2]	0.11–0.14 (30–40)[2]	0.22–0.27 (60–75)[2]	180[2]	6.12–15.73 (64–164)[2]	50–92[2]	3–20[2]
Zinc–carbon	Carbon–zinc	Zinc	Manganese (IV) oxide	No	1898[3]	0.75–0.9[3]	1.5[3]		0.13 (36)[3]	0.33 (92)[3]	10–27[3]	2.8 (358)[3]	50–60[3]	0.32[3]	3–5[4]
Zinc–air	PR		Oxygen	No	1932[5]	0.9[5]	1.45–1.65[5]		1.59 (442)[5]	6.02 (1,673)[5]	100[5]	2.45 (409)[5]	60–70[5]	0.17[5]	3[5]
Mercury oxide–zinc	Mercuric oxide Mercury cell		Mercuric oxide	No	1942–[6] 1996[7]	0.9[8]	1.35[8]		0.36–0.44 (99–123)[8]	1.1–1.8 (300–500)[8]					2[6]
Alkaline	Zn/MnO 2 LR		Manganese (IV) oxide	No	1949[9]	0.9[10]	1.5[11]	1.6[10]	0.31–0.68 (85–190)[12]	0.90–1.56 (250–434)[12]	50[12]	0.44 (2289)[12]	45–85[12]	0.17[12]	5–10[4]
Rechargeable alkaline	RAM			Yes	1992[13]	0.9[14]	1.57[14]	1.6[14]						<1[13]
Silver-oxide	SR		Silver oxide	No	1960[15]	1.2[16]	1.55[16]	1.6[17]	0.47 (130)[17]	1.8 (500)[17]
Nickel–zinc	NiZn		Nickel oxide hydroxide	Yes	2009[13]	0.9[13]	1.65[13]	1.85[13]						13[13]
Nickel–iron	NiFe	Iron		Yes	1901[18]	0.75[19]	1.2[19]	1.65[19]	0.07–0.09 (19–25)[20]	0.45 (125)[21]	100	3.72–4.96 (202–269)[1]		20–30	30–[22] 50[23][24]
Nickel–cadmium	NiCd NiCad	Cadmium		Yes	c. 1960[25]	0.9–1.05[26]	1.2[27]	1.3[26]	0.11 (30)[27]	0.36 (100)[27]	150–200[28]			10[13]
Nickel–hydrogen	NiH 2 Ni-H 2	Hydrogen		Yes	1975[29]	1.0[30]	1.55[28]		0.16–0.23 (45–65)[28]	0.22 (60)[31]	150–200[28]				5[31]
Nickel–metal hydride	NiMH Ni-MH	Metal hydride		Yes	1990[1]	0.9–1.05[26]	1.2[11]	1.3[26]	0.36 (100)[11]	1.44 (401)[32]	250–1000	2.98 (336)[1]		30[33]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride	LSD NiMH			Yes	2005[34]	0.9–1.05[26]	1.2	1.3[26]	0.34 (95)[35]	1.27 (353)[36]	250–1000			0.42[33]
Lithium–manganese dioxide	Lithium Li-MnO 2 CR Li-Mn	Lithium	Manganese dioxide	No	1976[37]	2[38]	3[11]		0.54–1.19 (150–330)[39]	1.1–2.6 (300–710)[39]	250–400[39]			1	5–10[39]
Lithium–carbon monofluoride	Li-(CF) x BR		Carbon monofluoride	No	1976[37]	2[40]	3[40]		0.94–2.81 (260–780)[39]	1.58–5.32 (440–1,478)[39]	50–80[39]			0.2–0.3[41]	15[39]
Lithium–iron disulfide	Li-FeS 2 FR		Iron disulfide	No	1989[42]	0.9[42]	1.5[42]	1.8[42]	1.07 (297)[42]	2.1 (580)[43]
Lithium–titanate	Li 4Ti 5O 12 LTO		Lithium manganese oxide or Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide	Yes	2008[44]	1.6–1.8[45]	2.3–2.4[45]	2.8[45]	0.22–0.40 (60–110)	0.64 (177)	3,000–5,100[46]	0.44 (2258)[46]	85[46]	2–5[46]	10–20[46]
Lithium cobalt oxide	LiCoO 2 ICR LCO Li‑cobalt[47]	Graphite‡	Lithium cobalt oxide	Yes	1991[48]	2.5[49]	3.7[50]	4.2[49]	0.70 (195)[50]	2.0 (560)[50]		2.48 (403)[1]
Lithium iron phosphate	LiFePO 4 IFR LFP Li‑phosphate[47]		Lithium iron phosphate	Yes	1996[51]	2[49]	3.2[50]	3.65[49]	0.32–0.58 (90–160)[50][52][53]	1.20 (333)[50][52]	200[54]–1'200[55]			4.5	20 years[56]
Lithium manganese oxide	LiMn 2O 4 IMR LMO Li‑manganese[47]		Lithium manganese oxide	Yes	1999[1]	2.5[57]	3.9[50]	4.2[57]	0.54 (150)[50]	1.5 (420)[50]		2.48 (403)[1]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides	LiNiCoAlO 2 NCA NCR Li‑aluminium[47]		Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide	Yes	1999	3.0[58]	3.6[50]	4.3[58]	0.79 (220)[50]	2.2 (600)[50]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide	LiNi xMn yCo 1-x-yO 2 INR NMC[47] NCM[50]		Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide	Yes	2008[59]	2.5[49]	3.6[50]	4.2[49]	0.74 (205)[50]	2.1 (580)[50]

^† Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.

^‡ Typical. See Lithium-ion battery § Negative electrode for alternative electrode materials.

Rechargeable characteristics[edit]

Cell chemistry	Charge efficiency	Cycle durability
	%	# 100% depth of discharge (DoD) cycles
Lead–acid	50–92[2]	50–100[60] (500@40%DoD[2][60])
Rechargeable alkaline		5–100[13]
Nickel–zinc		100 to 50% capacity[13]
Nickel–iron	65–80	5000
Nickel–cadmium	70–90	500[25]
Nickel–hydrogen	85	20000[31]
Nickel–metal hydride	66	300–800[13]
Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery		500–1500[13]
Lithium cobalt oxide	90	500–1000
Lithium–titanate	85–90	6000–10000 to 90% capacity[46]
Lithium iron phosphate	90	2500[54]–12000 to 80% capacity[61]
Lithium manganese oxide	90	300–700

Thermal runaway[edit]

Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here.^[62]

Cell chemistry	Overcharge	Overheat
	Onset	Onset	Runaway	Peak
	SOC%	°C	°C	°C/min
Lithium cobalt oxide	150[62]	165[62]	190[62]	440[62]
Lithium iron phosphate	100[62]	220[62]	240[62]	21[62]
Lithium manganese oxide	110[62]	210[62]	240[62]	100+[62]
Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide	125[62]	140[62]	195[62]	260[62]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide	170[62]	160[62]	230[62]	100+[62]

NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO[edit]

Types	Cell Voltage	Self-discharge	Memory	Cycles Times	Temperature	Weight
NiCd	1.2V	20%/month	Yes	Up to 800	-20 ℃ to 60 ℃	Heavy
NiMH	1.2V	30%/month	Mild	Up to 500	-20 ℃ to 70 ℃	Middle
Low Self Discharge NiMH	1.2V	1%/month–3%/year[63]	No	500–2000	-20 ℃ to 70 ℃	Middle
Li-ion (LCO)	3.6V	5–10%/month	No	500–1000	-40 ℃ to 70 ℃	Light
LiFePO4 (LFP)	3.2V	2–5%/month	No	2500–12000[61]	-40 ℃ to 80 ℃	Light
LiPo (LCO)	3.7V	5–10%/month	No	500–1000	-40 ℃ to 80 ℃	Lightest
Li–Ti (LTO)	2.4V	2–5%/month[46]	No	6000–20000	-40 ℃ to 55 ℃	Light